Psychological Connotations in One Flew Over the Cuckoos...

Psychological Connotations in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest We feel that One Flew over the Cuckoo’s nest is filled with many psychological connotations. This movie is set in a mental hospital where McMurphy was admitted to be psychologically evaluated because of violent behavior. Upon his arrival McMurphy noticed that the patients were very robot-like in their actions. The hospital is extremely structured where the patient’s daily life was monotonous. We will discuss the various connotations by answering the following questions that have been asked. A variety of treatment techniques were present in the mental facility. We will examine those of McMurphy, Nurse Ratchett, and the head doctor. Nurse Ratchett and the head†¦show more content†¦For example, Chiefs beginning to play basketball is a major accomplishment on the part of McMurphy. His constant encouragement finally drove Chief to play. Another example is the group discussions. McMurphy tried to incorporate everyone into these discussions simultaneously. This can be seen when he rallied everyone’s support to try to convince Nurse Ratchett to let them watch the World Series on television. The two psychological interventions that were administered to McMurphy while in the mental institution were a lobotomy and shock therapy. A lobotomy is the removal of the portion from the frontal lobe of the brain. This procedure’s main goal is to eliminate aggressive or violent behavior. This invention took place in 1935 by Dr. Antonio Egas Moniz. However, by the late 1940s the realization those individuals undergoing lobotomy procedures took place without initiative became apparent. Although the methods of a lobotomy have changed the basic underlying idea of neurosurgery exists today in the form of â€Å"psychosurgery† (Encarta 2000). Shock Therapy uses electric current or drugs to control psychotic disorders. In 1933, Dr. Manfred Sakel used drugs and instituted insulin shock to control mainly Schizophrenia. In 1938, Dr s. U. Cerletti and L. Bini used electroshock therapy to treat severe depression (i.e. manic depressive psychoses). Alternating current through the brain using parallelShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest1542 Words   |  7 Pagesperspective of a stranger whom we’ve never met nor seen, but only heard of through the mouth of the enemy’s opinion, will inevitably align with the only version of the story we’ve heard. This sort of bias is found in Ken Kesey’s 1962 novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, with Nurse Ratched’s depiction through the narration by Chief Bromden. The reliability of Bromden’s perspective is questionable, as it is his interpretation of the world, rather than what it actually is. Chief Bromden displays characteristicsRead MoreCompare the Ways Plath and Kesey Present Psychological Disorders and ‘Minds Under Stress’ in the Bell Jar and One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest?3284 Words   |  14 Pages‘One flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ and ‘The Bell Jar’ can be linked considerably. Both the novels in question are products of the author’s own experiences and the specific culture in which they were written. They both draw upon similar events throughout, yet the philosophy and reason behind them is often significantly contrasting. However, it cannot be argued that their presentation of psychological disorder and the pressure that it forces on the mind are intrinsically linked due to the circumstancesRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 2935 Words   |  12 PagesKesey highlights two distinctions between the roles of women in his novel ‘One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest’. He pla ces women in two categories, the ‘Ballcutters’ and ‘Whores’ . The ‘Ballcutters’ are presented to have a dominant role over the men within the ‘Combine’ and challenges their masculinity, resulting in them being personified as machines. This is demonstrated when Bromden describes the ‘tip of each finger the same colour as her lips. Funny orange. Like the tip of a soldering iron’ of Nurse

Essay on Advertising for Online Businesses - 1478 Words

Advertising for Online Businesses The internet is a huge business and its constant and significant growth attracts more and more businesses to be online. In 2004, online sales reached $117 billion (www.comscore.com with more than 812 million internet users (www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm). All these internet users are potential customers and it is essential to exploit such an opportunity. However promotion is crucial, not only to increase traffic. A basic principle is: if people do not know you, they can not buy anything from you. With the incredible increase in the number of existing websites, it is likely that you may not be noticed. The internet not only gives you the opportunity to†¦show more content†¦In short, I consider offline advertising as communicating through the mass media that is to say TV (local, national†¦), radio (local, national), print (local, national newspapers, directories, magazines†¦) outdoors (billboards, bus shelter†¦) and cinema. These are known as ‘above the line’ advertising. According to me, direct response[1](without the use of the internet off course) could be included in the above definition as it utilises some of the components of mass media. The primary reason why a company should combine online and offline advertising is because of the general advantages these two methods provide. Online advertising enables to one to target an audience with accuracy, and enables efficient focus on specific segments. With this method, a company can track how the different users interact with a brand and in what they are interested. The different ads on the web can be quickly delivered and are really flexible with few additional costs and is easily accessible anytime. Online advertising also enables interactivity. The users can quickly and easily have information about the products, its benefits and characteristics, simply by clicking on a link. Finally, this method is quick, inexpensive and sometimes free as in the case of submitting articles to some websites which enables efficient time and resourcesShow MoreRelatedRelated Local and Foreign Literature and study1400 Words   |  6 PagesLocal Literature An article from The Philippine Star dated August 7, 2012 by Louella D. Desiderio entitled â€Å"Businesses urged to use Internet to push products†. It shows that businesses are advised to use the Internet for promoting their products and services as more consumers are going online to research before making purchases. Companies should consider using online advertisements for the products and services they offer as more and more people are using the Internet to research goods they planRead MoreOnline Marketing Of The Tourism Industry1091 Words   |  5 Pages ONLINE MARKETING IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY Name - Davender Singh Professor - Dr Frank Moisiadis Sub - HI 6007- Statistics and Research Methods for Business Decisions Date – 04/09/2105 Online Marketing in the Tourism Industry Research Problem The research seeks to determine ways that online advertising have affected tourism in Australia. The reason behind this research is due to the increased tourists from India, who travel to the country to view various natural phenomena. The tourism developmentRead MoreEssay on Marketing With Social Media1627 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Media is any form of Internet communication where users can create online communities, share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (Social). Social media has been one of the fastest growing online segments with 86% of people ages 18-29 using some form of social media in 2011 (Henrikson). The popularity of social media websites is only more impressive when shown the raw facts behind it. More than 600 million people were registered Facebook users at the end of 2010, overRead MoreThe Problem Of The Viral Game Pokemon Go Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Many times larger business engage in unintentionally advertising, or viral advertising, thus saving money that can consequentially utilized for advertising to a specific market, market research, and the actual advertisement placement. When someone uploads a video that goes viral on YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, or any other mainstream social media outlet, and the business is able to utilize that video to springboard an advertising campaign hence, unintentional viral marketing. Yet sometimesRead MoreE Commerce Is The Backbone Of Modern Global Markets861 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION E Commerce has changed the economy of the world since the first ‘online shopping’ system called Videotex was created in 1979 by Michael Aldrich using a 26† domestic TV (Aldricharchive.com, 2015). It has even shaped society itself, changing people’s shopping habits and how the entire landscape of business operates. E-commerce is the backbone of modern global markets from business to business (B2B) companies such as IBM and Microsoft with a total brand value bordering on $200,000M (McGrealRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Organizations1479 Words   |  6 PagesMedia on Organizations For a long time, businesses have relied on word of mouth, fliers, and street hawkers to draw attention from consumers. As of today, social media has impacted businesses for over a decade. Although there are many social media sites, such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, a website focused solely on one’s business would likely be the most effective in promoting a product or company. The impact of social media has changed the way businesses and organizations gain consumers andRead MoreE Commerce : A Global Commercial Environment940 Words   |  4 Pagese-commerce has led to organizations shifting a majority of their businesses to online environments.Dot com craze has triggered a global commercial environment and is being exploited by many organizations who are involved in e-commerce. One particular start up organization is Thread.com has engaged many investors and advisors and is constructing their own styling service by recruiting human stylists and intelligent algorithms. H owever online marketing have their pros and cons. A study by Merrill LynchRead More Internet Advertising Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Advertising Internet Advertising is the way of the future and it is very evident since many companies and businesses have their own web sites and advertisements are located all over the World Wide Web. The Internet or World Wide Web is quickly becoming the most effective way for a business to advertise their products or services to customers. Web sites such as search engines or small sites that sell advertisement space for sponsoring are profiting highly from the increase of advertising on theRead MoreOnline Advertising Methods For Advertising1719 Words   |  7 Pages Online Advertising Methods Background Every day, marketing professional come up with new ways in which they can market their products to consumers successfully. Marketing of products has significantly changed following the invention of the internet. The enormous popularity of the internet in the past decade has opened doors for marketers in a manner that one could not have imagined twenty years ago. Marketers utilize the internet for the purpose of advertising products in a great way than otherRead MoreThe Role Of Social Media On The Marketplace Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagescorporations communicate internally, but also enabled before unimaginable methods of reaching a global marketplace. Unlike never before, even small businesses are now able to reach beyond their limited local market to a vast consumer base. As previously mentioned in regards to internal communication, the Internet has provided a medium for businesses to instantly reach a global market. Expanding marketplace The Internet, and in particular Social Media can and should be utilized not only as a key marketing

Blacks And Indians In The Development Of free essay sample

The Americas Essay, Research Paper The Involvement Of Africans A ; Indians In The Development In The United states Europeans have ever been funny about universes other than their ain. They went to the Americas # 8217 ; seeking the New World. After claiming the New World as their ain, another involvement came approximately. They needed slave labour. In the Americas, the Indians offered slave labour. In clip, the demand for more slaves with better technological accomplishments arose. Africa provided a broad array of merchandises and besides the technological skills the Europeans needed to progress in their colonisation. The technological accomplishments were provided by the African slaves. As Europeans explored the universe, it seemed other civilisations had o suffer in the aftermath of their devastation. This essay will discourse the events that have taken topographic point in history covering with both the Indian and Black slave status in M. L. Conniff and T. J. Davis # 8217 ; , Africans in the Americas. As the Europeans explored, their involvement broadened. Africa exemplified their greatest involvement because of the slave labour it had to offer. Unfortunately, slave labour was at the disbursal of people who were a different colour other than the Europeans. Like Africa, the Americas offered slave labour. When the Europeans landed on the Americas, they encountered a different race. This race consisted of different Indian folk. Before the Europeans came to either continent, both civilizations flourished by set uping authoritiess, faiths and a manner of populating their ain lives. The Indians were located in the Americas and they besides were finally taken advantage of because the Europeans idea of them as an inferior race. Why inferior? Well, the Europeans thought their manner was the best manner to populate life. Like Europeans, geographic expedition was done to derive net incomes and roll up more wealth. Unlike the Africans, the Indians were ab initio forced into bondage. They did non hold anything to derive. Most of the Africans who offered slave labour, gained trading privileges. The Indians were forced to follow Christian beliefs. If it was non adopted, the Europeans would basically cover with the state of affairs as they saw tantrum. Some adopted good, while others died in vain as they fought for their rights. While following to the European manner of life, the Indians were forced into supplying their services to the Europeans. Some of the services provided were trades and nutrient. As the Europeans traveled deeper into the Americas, more and more Ameri can indians were found populating on rich agricultural land. Examples of the rich agricultural land were Texas, Arizona and California. In these huge rich lands, elements such as gold and Ag were discovered. The Europeans used these elements to roll up wealth. The Europeans thought these pieces of land would be great for their manner of life. Therefore, began the development of the Indians. As the geographic expedition of the New World continued, the Europeans found ways of working the Indians. Some illustrations of the ways they exploited the Indians were the repartimiento and the encomienda. The first method, repartimiento, was the spliting up of the Indians between the taking functionaries. In this method, the Indians were used to execute mundane undertakings such as mending roads and edifice Bridgess. As clip went by, the Indians received particular privileges ( Torahs ) which permitted them to merely work a specific sum of clip, and besides receive rewards for their services. Shortly after, the taking functionaries chose to disregard the Torahs written up to profit the Indians. The repartimiento took the Indians off from their places and finally from their households, sometimes neer to return. The encomienda was one of the few legal ways in which the Europeans exploited the Indians. The encomienda was the thought of the Crown allowing the taking functionary who ris ked his life in frontier warfare, Indians to work for him. The encomienda was created to roll up testimonial, which the Crown determined that all native topics owed to him. This power entitled to the taking functionaries, was awfully abused. In this signifier of development, the Indians were destined to neer acquire their freedom. The encomienda was so intense, the Indians could be born into working for taking functionary which their ascendants worked for many old ages before they were born. In return, the encomenderos would hold to supply the Crown with military service where they could presume duty for the indigens # 8217 ; defence and religious public assistance. # 8220 ; The encomienda represented the endurance of a feudal establishment # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Weber, D. Page 126 ) These illustrations, fundamentally kept the Indians under the control. For the clip being that is. As the Americas became colonized by the Europeans, more and more aid was needed. During the colonisati on of the Americas, the Indians could merely make so much. In the Western hemisphere of the universe, the African slave trade was established. The African slave trade was established as a consequence of more wonder by the European carbon monoxide untries. Many other grounds are available but from my eyes, the wonder is likely the greatest ground, the land which was non touched. â€Å"Many of the Europeans who traveled to Africa were drawn by curiosity†¦Most wished to interchange some goods for money or trade goods that could be resold as place for a net income ; this included slaves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Page 3 ) The Europeans became relentless with their legion visits to Africa when they saw the huge assortment of merchandises that were provided by the Africans. As clip passed, the slave trade created a commercial and political nexus between the Europeans and Africans. Equally contemptuous as it may sound, the Africans sold themselves to the Europeans and in return, got arms to support their states or folks against other rival states and folks. Little did they cognize, this type of behaviour would go insistent for the Europeans. In the ulterior old ages, Africans would be shipped to the Americas and Europe by the 1000s. Thro ugh this trade, the Black Diaspora, as it was called, began. The Indians were so introduced to the Africans. The Africans were more skilled in ways that benefitted the Europeans. Ultimately, this would take to the Africans doing better slaves. As a consequence, the Africans sometimes, taught and supervised the Indians in the indispensable accomplishments needed to assist the promotion of the European colonisation of the Americas. Now, the Indians had two uninvited invitees on the land they foremost inhabited. As more people came to the Americas, the Indian population quickly declined. # 8220 ; Several million Europeans and over 10 million Africans flooded the American continents and islands, partly, replacing the worsening of Amerindians. # 8221 ; ( Page 65 ) The great demographic diminution in the Indian population made fewer available for future captivity. Both the Indian and African slave labour helped determine the Americas, the Indians had more legal protection than the African slaves. The Africans were more slaves than the Indians. The Africans were more skilled than the Indians. Technologically, the Indians were a small behind the African civilisation. The Indians had ordinances, which # 8220 ; could # 8221 ; protect them whereas the Africans had none. The African slave trade started to distribute throughout the Americas. North, South and Latin America flourished with the aid of both the Indian and African civilisations. The aid provided by the Indians and Africans was good needed by the Europeans. In Brazil, the sugar roar was an unbelievable encouragement to their economic system. The Indians were workers who produced sugar from sugar cane while the Africans were workers, soldiers and carpenters who would assist the promotion of the Brazilian economic system. Bondage was seen throughout the full colonisation of the Americas by the Europeans. Through bondage, economic systems grew. Both the Indian and African influence, helped bring forth an ample sum of wealth for the Europeans. With the New World colonizing, more Europeans came over with the purpose of doing a better manner of life with the aid of slave labour. Slave labour was sometime taken peacefully by both the Indians and Africans, but sometimes violent state of affairss could non be avoided. We all know of bondage rebellions for both Indian and African civilisations. These rebellions were sometimes speedy and so once more, they could be really long and bloody conflicts. One such rebellion which had the most dramatic consequence on the African slave trade was the Haitian Revolution. This rebellion abolished bondage in Haiti. The Indians had many wars where they would contend for their land and beliefs but to no existent triumph, they fought on. Finally, the Indian civilisation was r educed dramatically. As clip passed, the slave trade increased. Traffic across the Atlantic with ships reached its extremum in the 1780 # 8217 ; s. Over nine hundred 1000s Africans were shipped. This brought about a job to the Europeans. They thought the increasing Numberss of Africans would excel that of the Europeans. Therefore, taking to an unmanageable figure of African slaves in the Americas. That, by itself could be a annihilating blow to the economic system because with such a perilously increasing figure, the Africans could finally arise and they could likely outnumber the Europeans. # 8220 ; Thus halting the flow of coerced labour from Africa in the early 1800 # 8217 ; s ensured that the Americas would go preponderantly white instead than preponderantly black. # 8221 ; ( Page 163 ) The Indians and Africans both went through some signifier of bondage at the custodies of the Europeans. In the terminal, one civilisation suffered more, but enduring can non be measured on the same graduated table in this state of affairs. Both the Indians and the Africans lost an original piece of their civilization due to the intervention of the Europeans. As history shows, the African slave trade and the Indian slave labour enabled the colonisation of the # 8220 ; supposed # 8221 ; European district. Without the aid of the Indians and Africans, who knows where the universe would be today.

Speech Social Media free essay sample

People have a natural inclination to communicate, connect, and share their experiences with others, and with the rise of social media and other digital channels of communication our actual ‘definition’ of relationships is shifting. It’s very rare to find someone who doesn’t use some form of mobile device or PC. The Internet and  social media  have become a normal part of our everyday interactions. Some research reveals a decline in participation and cooperation with family members due to technology overriding quality time with family. Also, a major criticism of social media is the problem of cyber-bullying and a lack of privacy, although everyone has the choice to block people and put there profiles on private to easily avoid cyber bullying, even being able to file a report on someone else’s profile for bullying or any other sort of harassment. Though, there are many positives points of view, such as the fact that we are able to connect with a much wider and diverse range of people. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Social Media or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We can keep in touch with friends and family that we may not have been able or willing to in the past, and we can also keep in more constant and continual contact with others. It’s quite possible that the quality of connections people make online  is completely Subjective, but the fact remains that social media is an ever expanding wonder that will pervade future generations lives. Social media communication leads too more online than offline relationships. You not only can maintain friendships with your older friends, but you also get to know many like-minded people around you. Furthermore, social networking sites like Twitter amp; Facebook are free. Social media offer you a wide range of people from different nations, backgrounds, and Culture to interact and connect with. Often very beneficial for a lot of us hearing different views on worldwide crisis. People are able to join groups where people share the same interests or profession. Many networking sites are used to bring people together for actual face to face interactions for example Facebook, allows people to create events that unite people for many different occasions. It does stop some people from seeing each other sometime because everything is over the phone or computer and people in future generations may lack social skills or confidence, feeling as if there is no need because the endless communication over the Internet. . But for others it is a base point to start. Having no confrontation allows people to be themselves and overall gaining confidence within themselves allowing motivation to have face-to-face human relations, And social media will never stop human relationships because its everyone’s human instinct to get out of the house and see people. Were not unsociable people were very collective. Its in all of our genes, we all like to belong and have a wide network of friends and loved ones. In fact Social media  is about relationship growth that does not need to take place with face-to-face meetings. It can expand your circle of friends, family and acquaintances, without geographic limits and has the tendency to give you access to a swarm of interesting thinkers to learn from. However, more often than not, it seems we limit our social media message to those who only agree with us, that’s when we’re not just pushing messages out rather than creating two-way dialogues. This to me appears that most of us humans stunt our limitless opportunities to expand our knowledge base and put forward real change. Social media allows for such broad and deep conversations amongst the masses, who are reading and sharing rather than being lectured at, and advertised to from their television screens. In sum, social media is driving changes and commotions in the organization of social networks. Increasingly, what used to be a given, social ties you inherited by the virtue of where you lived or your family ties, is now a task, social ties based on shared interests and mutual interest. Surely, there will be new winners and losers. None of this, however, indicates a flight from human contact. We obviously can’t completely disregard in-person interactions,  as these are the framework for any real human  connection,  but I believe social media has a place in helping people connect in a more detailed and widespread manner.

Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company Essay Example

Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company Essay Business Analysis Part II Ford Motor Company Rocio Rodriguez MGT/521 Management May 25, 2011 Nickolas Skelton Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company Henry Ford and a group of investors founded what is known as the Ford Motor Company in 1903 based out in Dearborn, Michigan. The entrepreneur began manufacturing all of the automotive parts used in production and started the innovation of a moving assembly line to mass produce vehicles that are affordable to the public. Although the company changed names and investors a few times, it remained strong enough to survive through the great depression and become one of the largest auto manufacturers in the world today. The following analysis covers the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to obtain a better understanding of the successes and downfalls of Ford Motor Company. Strengths Despite of the recent downturn in the economy, Ford remains a competitive force in automobile manufacturing market. Certain factors exist that strengthen the company’s brand and product. For example, Ford Motor Company is the top 4th largest car manufacturing entity in the world (Ford, 2011). The company has 90 manufacturing plants worldwide, 7,000 supplier facilities that distribute vehicles in six continents, and all 50 U. S. states (Ford, 2011). Ford has a strong presence in the market and is easily recognized worldwide with the slogan â€Å"Built Ford Tough† as the company motto (Ford, 2011). The company keeps a competitive advantage by following innovative trends that attract the attention of more consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One of these trends focuses on fuel efficiency, brought on by the current deteriorating economic state. Ford’s fuel-efficient lineup increased sales by 19% since the launch in 2009 (Ford, 2011). Even the less economic models are still in demand because of their design, durability, and versatility. The Ford-F150, Ford’s most popular vehicle, is the current top seller on the market for this year (Ford, 2011). Ford is comfortably sitting at #10 on the Fortune 500 list and has made an astonishing $6. 6 billion in net income for the first quarter of 2011, which is the most the company has made in the ast 10 years (Ford Motor Company, 2011). Ford established Ford Motor Credit Company to offer the public a more accessible way to finance vehicles and survived through the failing economy. The company made it without any government bailout funds because the owner made a wise move and obtained $24 billion in financing a short time before the economy took a turn for the worse (Ford Motor Company, 2001). That money helped the company stay afloat until they could make profit again. Another strength the company has is its reputation and their corporate social responsibility with the public and the environment. Ford Motor Company provides support to many causes such as disaster relief efforts in the United States, invests in education for children, promotes safe driving programs for teens, and helps American farmers strive (Ford Motor Company, 2011). Ford is also a proud supporter of NASCAR and started the Performance Racing Parts segment of the business. The company is following the trend of environmentally friendly products by researching solar powered and electric vehicles that reduce emissions and harm the environment. The company plans to invest $14 billion in Research and Development in 2011 to improve fuel efficiency in Ford models by over 25% (Mulally, 2010). Because of the constant contribution and involvement in the community, the public is aware that Ford is not in it just for the money; ultimately Ford contributes and makes a difference in society and embraces the earth’s environmental health. Weaknesses Despite all the strengths mentioned above, there are weaknesses that can hinder Ford’s success. The most obvious weakness is the troubling economy. The economic downfall affected everyone including all car manufacturers. Consumers lost jobs, homes, and stability during these tough times, and purchasing vehicles was no longer a priority for most Americans. The demand for vehicles, especially trucks, dropped dramatically because of the lack of income for consumers, the rise in gas prices, and fewer lending opportunities. Additionally, just as the economy began to fall, so did the stock prices. Ford stock prices hit the ultimate low in 2009 selling at $1. 74 compared to the $14. 91 in the first quarter of 2011 (History of the Stock Market Crash, 2011). The most dangerous disadvantage for Ford’s weak market share North American automotive operations. Ford’s market share dropped 6. 3% from 2003 to 2008 and is currently making a slow and steady increase (Ford, 2008). Competitors like Toyota and Honda led the market with quality, fuel efficient models, at a bargain price. The weakness that tarnished Ford’s reputation and financial health has to be the recalls of some models because safety concerns. Ford recalled a total of 16 million vehicles in 2009 because of a faulty cruise control switch that causes a fire in the vehicle (Ford, 2008). Similarly, in 2008 Ford recalled Escape models due to transmission failure issues. Additionally, who can forget the notorious Firestone tire recall in 2001 that claimed the lives of many drivers worldwide (Ford, 2008). The tread on the defective tires on most Explorer models peeled off and when they failed it caused the vehicle to roll over and cause fatal accidents (Legal Information Center, 2001). This recall cost Ford $2 billion, the competitive advantage in the United States light-truck and sport/utility vehicle market, and the trust of the consumer (Isidore, 2001). Opportunities Nonetheless, Ford has moved forward and learned from their experiences and is focused on expanding the opportunities for the business. Because the environmental factor is a leading trend in the market, Ford has taken the opportunity to expand their product line to align with the consumer demand. The company developed the EcoBoost V6 engines that provide 20% better fuel economy and reduce carbon monoxide emissions by 15% (MediaFord. com, 2011). Hybrid models are currently in production and the company plans to double their output in 2009 to meet consumer demand. Ford is investing and researching new technology to produce electric and solar powered vehicles in the near future as well as intelligent vehicles, or talking vehicles designed to help make the roads a safer place. The company’s efforts have not been in vain. The company was awarded the 2011 Best New Technology Award for their innovative rear inflatable seat belt design (Ford Motor Company, 2011). Similarly, the giant car manufacturer also became the first to earn top safety ratings worldwide for their Fiesta and Ford F-150 models (Ford Motor Company, 2011). The last opportunity that can help Ford gain global market share is the partnership with China to produce the Ford Fiesta model. Ford unveiled the Fiesta in China in 2009 and by 2010 the company sold more than 75,000 vehicles, 59% more than the previous year (MediaFord. com, 2011). The Fiesta received a warm welcome from the Chinese consumers with its stylish exterior, fuel efficiency, and even received a five-star safety rating from the China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC) (MediaFord. com, 2011). With the success of the launch in China, Ford can expand worldwide and explore other opportunities in foreign countries to penetrate and grow the Ford name. Threats The last factor to consider in the analysis is the threats that hinder Fords success in the market. These factors can prevent the company from growing as planned and potentially harm the giant automaker’s financial stability. Many of the same factors listed as weaknesses can be potential threats. For example, the recession and the rise in fuel prices. As prices rise, consumers look for ways to reduce their expenses by either consuming less gas or replacing their gas guzzlers with compact fuel efficient models. If Ford fails to produce a compact, fuel efficient model that meets the consumer’s demands, the public will still purchase a vehicle but definitely not a Ford model. The rise in raw materials can also pose a threat to Ford because the company needs to provide an affordable product that meets the demand for safety, durability, and quality, all while keeping production costs at reasonable rates to make a profit. Producing vehicles with subpar materials to keep within budget can risk the safety of the end user and risk the reputation of the Ford brand. Fixing any potential issues with future recalls is usually more expensive than producing the product meeting all federal guidelines. The last major threat to the Ford Motor Company is the lack of investment in Research and Development and Quality Control. Compared to the competition, Ford falls short in capital spending, which can hinder the possibility of growth. For example, Ford’s biggest competitor, Toyota reduced their capital spending from $1. trillion to $670 billion during 2010 because of the financial crisis (Dow Jones, 2010). In comparison, Ford usually spends five to six billion dollars in capital spending each year totaling $4. 5 billion during 2010 (Ford Motor Company, 2011). With that much difference in capital spending, the competition has the means and the edge to develop the next best thing out on the market, leaving For d behind. To summarize the analysis, the Ford Motor Company has the potential to remain one of the top car manufacturers in the world if the company takes advantage of all strengths and opportunities to grow and xpand the business worldwide. The key to staying competitive is following consumer trends and above all take pride and care to produce the best product for the end-user. Keeping a close eye and managing the weaknesses and threats to the business will serve as a learning experience and help the company adapt, improve business practices, and processes. The company has been successful thus far, even through a recession, and once the economy recovers Ford has the potential to become more thriving than ever with the latest advances in technology the company plans to develop. Business Analysis Part II Ford Motor Company Financial Health Comparison The financial statements in Appendix A-C reflect the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow for Ford Motor Company for recent and previous years. Comparing the numbers side by side helps understand the trends in the economy and the company and gives a better understanding of the company’s financial health. After reviewing each statement one can see that the company has been a successful one, and recently suffered during the time of recession. Profits went down as well as stock value as seen in Appendix D. Capital Expenditures were reduced and the company even faced negative figures in most statements during the recession in 2008. The company had a healthy cash flow and earnings in the years before 2008, and is presently recovering at a steady pace. The one major concern noted after reviewing the statements is the slow recovery of the company. With the recession out of the way, the company has enough new products and incentives to help boost sales and make profits similar to those seen in 2005-2007 at a faster pace. The slow recovery can help the company prepare for future periods of recession by having a plan implemented to develop the most innovative, quality, and affordable product for the consumer and increase demand worldwide, thus making profits at a faster pace. †¢ Summarize companys financial health – compare it to other companies in the industry †¢ Summarize the companys technological advantages – compare to others †¢ How globalization affected the businesses practices †¢ Benchmark analysis – best practices, operational processes and procedures, products or services References AOL Daily Finance. 2011, May 20). Ford motor company balance sheet. Retrieved from http://www. dailyfinance. com/financials/ford-motor-company/f/nys/balance-sheet Bloomberg Businessweek, (2011, May 24). Financial statements for ford motor company. Retrieved from http://investing. businessweek. com/research/stocks/financials/financials. asp? ticker=F:US Dow Jones, (2010, Dec ember 24). Toyota vice president: to hold down capital spending. Retrieved from http://www. dowjones. de/site/2010/12/toyota-vice-president-to-hold-down-capital-spending. html Ford. (2008). Market share and sales. Retrieved from http://corporate. ford. om/microsites/sustainability-report-2008-09/economy-data-market#a Ford Motor Company, (2011, May 12). Safety. Retrieved from http://corporate. ford. com/innovation/car-safety Ford Motor Company, (2011). Ford posts net income of $2. 6 billion in second quarter 2010. Retrieved from http://www. corporate. ford. com/news-center/news/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-posts-net-income-of-26-32973 History of the Stock Market Crash, (2011, April 23). Ford stock up 757% since the 2008-2009 crash. Retrieved from http://www. worststockmarketcrashes. com/featured/ford-stock-up-757-percent-since-the-2008-2009-crash/ Isidore, C. 2001, May 21). Ford recalls 13 million tires. Retrieved from http://money. cnn. com/2001/05/22/recalls/ford/ L egal Information Center, (2001). Firestone tire recall. Retrieved from http://www. firestone-tire-recall. com/pages/overview. html Media Ford. com, (2011). Ford fiesta receives maximum 5-star safety rating in china ncap. Retrieved from http://media. ford. com/article_display. cfm? article_id=33815 Microsoft Money, Initials. (2011, April 24). Financial results ford motor company. Retrieved from http://moneycentral. msn. com/investor/invsub/results/statemnt. aspx? Symbol=FstmtView=Ann Mulally, A. (2010, October 26). Ford car share in North America on the rise. Retrieved from http://seekingalpha. com/article/232164-ford-car-share-in-north-america-on-the-rise Yahoo Finance, (2011, May 22). Ford motor company cash flow. Retrieved from http://finance. yahoo. com/q/cf? s=F+Cash+Flowannual Appendix A[pic][pic][pic] |Income Statement Comparison | |Dec 31 |Dec 31 |Dec 31 |Dec 31 | |Currency in | |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Millions of U. S. Dollars |As of: |Restated |Restated |Restated |USD | | | |USD |USD |USD | | |Revenues |154,379. 0 |127,635. 0 |103,868. 0 |119,280. 0 | |Cost of Goods Sold |142,667. 0 |120,558. 0 |98,746. |104,372. 0 | |Selling General Admin Expenses, Total |21,132. 0 |21,049. 0 |12,965. 0 |11,876. 0 | |OPERATING INCOME |-701. 0 |-6,492. 0 |-1,219. 0 |8,892. 0 | |Interest and Investment Income |1,713. 0 |928. 0 |205. 0 |262. 0 | |Income (Loss) on Equity Investments |403. |381. 0 |195. 0 |538. 0 | |EBT, EXCLUDING UNUSUAL ITEMS |-1,018. 0 |-7,151. 0 |-2,249. 0 |7,975. 0 | |Gain (Loss) on Sale of Investments |-109. 0 |-1,309. 0 |373. 0 |125. 0 | |Other Unusual Items, Total |-432. 0 |-5,569. 0 |4,666. 0 |-844. | |EBT, INCLUDING UNUSUAL ITEMS |-3,857. 0 |-14,895. 0 |2,599. 0 |7,149. 0 | |Minority Interest in Earnings |-312. 0 |58. 0 | |4. 0 | |EARNINGS FROM DISCOUNTINUED OPERATIONS |41. 0 |9. 0 |5. 0 | | |NET INCOME TO COMMON INCLUDING EXTRA ITEMS |-2,795. 0 |-14,766. 0 |2,717. 0 |6,561. | [pic][ pic][pic](Bloomberg Businessweek, 2011) Appendix B Balance Statement Comparison |Period Ending |FY2010 |FY2009 |FY2008 |FY2007 |FY2006 | |Assets | | | | | | |Net Receivables |48. 22 B |8. 15 B |64. 43 B |68. 75 B |4. 15 B | |Progress Payments Others |-865. 00 M |-798. 0 M |-891. 00 M |-1. 10 B |-1. 02 B | |Current Assets Total |90. 87 B |57. 29 B |117. 33 B |135. 72 B |78. 98 B | |Investment in Unconsolidated Subsidiaries |2. 57 B |2. 37 B |1. 59 B |2. 85 B |2. 79 B | |Property, Plant Equipment Net |23. 03 B |22. 46 B |28. 35 B |35. 98 B |35. 79 B | |Accumulated Depreciation |33. 90 B |33. 41 B |38. 4 B |36. 56 B |34. 98 B | |Tangible Other Assets |4. 16 B |12. 30 B |6. 52 B |18. 34 B |16. 00 B | |Total Assets |163. 32 B |189. 35 B |215. 77 B |276. 46 B |276. 01 B | |Income Taxes Payable |392. 00 M |3. 09 B |2. 79 B |2. 67 B |3. 14 B | |Current Liabilities Total |74. 13 B |77. 85 B |111. 96 B |110. 5 B |112. 65 B | |Provision for Risks Charges |18. 24 B |17. 76 B |17. 32 B |31. 37 B |35. 91 B | |Deferred Income |1. 62 B |1. 66 B |1. 77 B |1. 99 B |2. 04 B | |Total Liabilities |163. 97 B |197. 13 B |231. 89 B |269. 41 B |278. 31 B | |Common Equity |-673. 00 M |-7. 82 B |-17. 31 B |5. 63 B |-3. 6 B | |Capital Surplus |20. 80 B |16. 79 B |9. 08 B |7. 83 B |4. 56 B | |Equity in Untaxed Reserves |-7. 04 B |-13. 60 B |-16. 14 B |-1. 48 B |-17. 00 M | |Treasury Stock |62. 00 M |407. 00 M |521. 00 M |103. 00 M |— | |Common Shares Outstanding |163. 32 B |189. 35 B |215. 77 B |276. 46 B |276. 01 B | (AOL Daily Finance, 2011) Appendix C Cash Flow Comparison | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Period Ending | | | |Dec 31, 2010 | | | |Dec 31, 2009 | | | |Dec 31, 2008 | | | | | | | |Net Income | | | |6,561,000 | | | |2,717,000 | | | |(14,672,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Operating Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In | | | | | | | |Depreciation | | | |- | | | |- | | | |19,737,000 | | | | | | | |Adjustments To Net Income | | | |- | | | |- | | | |1,027,000 | | | | | | | |Changes In Accounts Receivables | | | |- | | | |- | | | |1,091,000 | | | | | | | |Changes In Liabilities | | | |- | | | |- | | | |(12,647,000) | | | | | | | |Changes In Inventories | | | |- | | | |- | | | |(358,000) | | | | | | | |Changes In Other Operating Activities | | | |- | | |- | | | |2,489,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total Cash Flow From Operating Activities | | | |11,477,000 | | | |15,477,000 | | | |(179,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Investing Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In | | | | | | | |Capital Expenditures | | | |(4,092,000) | | | |(4,059,000) | | | |(6,696,000) | | | | | | | |Investments | | | |9,774,000 | | | |10,682,000 | | | |(2,676,000) | | | | | | | |Other Cash flows from Investing Activities | | | |1,226,000 | | | |(4,000) | | | |6,229,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total Cash Flows From Investing Activities | | | |6,908,000 | | | |6,619,000 | | | |(3,143,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Financing Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In | | | | | | | |Dividends Paid | | | |- | | | |- | | | |- | | | | | | | |Sale Purchase of Stock | | | |1,339,000 | | | |2,450,000 | | | |756,000 | | | | | | | |Net Borrowings | | | |(18,558,000) | | | |(21,710,000) | | | |(9,256,000) | | | | | | | |Other Cash Flows from Financing Activities | | | |(7,202,000) | | | |(3,570,000) | | | |(604,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total Cash Flows From Financing Activities | | | |(24,421,000) | | | |(22,830,000) | | | |(9,104,000) | | | | | | | |Effect Of Exchange Rate Changes | | | |(53,000) | | | |454,000 | | | |(808,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Change In Cash and Cash Equivalents | | | |(6,089,000) | | | |(910,000) | | | |(13,234,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Currency in USD. | | | Appendix D Ford Motor Company Stock Value Comparison

Final Journal Entry Submission

Final Journal Entry Submission Final Journal Entry Submission Final Journal Entry Submission1. Focusing on Margie Chang’s likely emotions, it is necessary to analyze her feelings about Lilly. She is angry at Lilly because of her behavior in the group. Margie realizes that she is no more a leader and the group members have changed their relations because of Lilly’s domination of discussions. These are some of the reasons for Margie’s feelings. 2. Focusing on the feelings of Lilly Schroeder, it is necessary to analyze her feelings in the group. She talks incessantly about her experiences, her husband, her children, her hobbies, and her dilemmas. This fact means that Lilly has psychological problems. She needs professional assistance and psychological support. It is easy to make sense of her behavior because her husband died less than 6 months ago. She needs someone to talk about her grief. 3. I think it is appropriate for Margie to talk with someone about her feelings because the woman needs to find the proper way to cope wit h her angriness. I think she could talk to a human services helper. According to Bryan, a professional helper should act as a teacher, a mentor, a motivator and a guide to assisting the helpees in finding the proper solutions to life situations (120). Some of the issues that Margie should raise during this consultation include stress management techniques, the role of listening skills and the ability to ensure self-control (Corey Corey 346). 4. If I were consulting with Margie, I would help her to become more tolerant to stress and conflict situation. I would help her to solve the problem associated with her emotional health and self-esteem. I would teach her to become a counselor. In other words, Margie should be trained to behave adequately through the development of listening and communication skills (Woodside McClam 176). Moreover, I would teach her to develop observing skills in order to give feedback if necessary (Burger 191).

A business's only responsibility is to maximise financial returns to Essay

A business's only responsibility is to maximise financial returns to its a shareholders - Essay Example nancial returns and profitability would mean to shareholders, the different factors that affect profitability and contribute to maximizing shareholder wealth, the examples and evidence of shareholders returns and company policies and strategies will be analyzed. This essay would highlight the fact that it is a business and company’s primary responsibility to increase profits and improve shareholder financial returns and wealth maximization to maintain the trust of shareholders and investors in the market although there are many factors and controversies involved as will be discussed. Profitability of a company is measured with the values of return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA). Return on equity reveals the profits a company earns when compared with the total amount of shareholder equity. Shareholder equity represents assets created by retained earnings of business and the capital invested by the owners. Shareholder equity equals total liabilities subtracted from total assets and refers to what shareholders possess. High returns on equity indicates that the company can generate cash internally and higher returns on company’s equity suggests better position of the company. For example if a business had a net worth or shareholder’s equity of $200 million dollars and made a profit of $20 million dollars, the earnings from returns on equity would be 10% (see Omran et al, 2002). Higher returns are positive for the company and indicate valuable returns and profitability for shareholders as well. It is the responsibility of a company to see to it that shareholders get adequate and profitable financial returns for their investments (Robbins et al, 2003/2004). The formula for returns on equity is: Net Profit / Average Shareholder Equity for the Period. Asset turnover is an indication of total sales for $1 of assets and return on assets or ROA gives an indication of profits generated by a company for each $1 in assets. Profitability is measured both in

Individual portfolio on global enterprise Essay - 1

Individual portfolio on global enterprise - Essay Example Due to the process of the globalization, there is a fast growth in the technology, communication, science, transport and business. The worldwide economy has been affected a lot of the fast changes happening in the field of technology, communication and transportation. This concept has helped in building the relations between the countries for their smooth running of the businesses. The integration and the cooperation of the countries to move the present resources for maximum financial growth have resulted in increasing the momentum over the past few decades. This has resulted in opening new markets and worldwide commerce to increase the financial growth across countries. Therefore, the term globalization can aptly be explained as the amalgamation of nations and companies worldwide. Globalization - a historical overview There are different opinions of the history of globalization. According to Scholte (2005) the globalization process is indicated by â€Å"the scale of contemporary te lecommunication, air travel, transworld goods, transplanetary financial transactions, transworld civil society associations, global regulations, global festivals, and global awareness among the general public in the world over† (p118). The globalization practice is mainly due to the increased rate in improvement of technology, transportation, science, communication and commerce. ... The combination of technology infrastructure with supportive economic policies is the important requisite to open new markets and economic sections for improved amalgamations. Economic growth and development cannot happen with good economic policies and support of the government. The business policy and the socio-political atmosphere of the country are the important features deciding the â€Å"orientation towards integration into the global economy.† Rapid economic growth can be achieved also by promoting skills, by exhibiting the workforces and individual competence. Nowadays, economic growth is dependent on the individual competence the knowledge or specialization of the skills an organization has in a competitive market. The entry or exit of new industries totally depends on the industry policies. The growth and promotion of an enhanced atmosphere for economic amalgamation depends on the government policy frameworks, workforce efficiencies, and industry structures (Fischer, 2003). Many industries had dreamt about globalization to make the trade volume increase. The changes, which we have seen in the field of technology, communication and transportation, were the main features in overcoming the physical barriers and achieving the goal. Countries all over the world have allowed such policies so that foreign countries enter and there were more facilities in the market to enhance the economic growth and development. Some think that globalization happened just recently but they also feel that it might have started happening quite early, seeing the developments that are of recent times but supports the history. Now, this is

Social policy in theory and practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social policy in theory and practices - Essay Example Nevertheless, this functionalist view of the relationship between economic policy and social policy does not clarify the general inclination to give more importance to economic policy than social policy (Walker &Wong, 2009). This essay analyses the relationship between social policy and economic policy in terms of Keynesian and Monetarist economic ideas in relation to welfare. Theoretically, there should not be any inconsistency or disagreement between economic policy and social policy if the latter approves and supports the economy. Nevertheless, in reality, social policy is generally viewed as a hindrance to economic development; it is viewed as pulling out economic resources and spending them on noneconomic activities (Kesselman, Krieger, & Joseph, 2009). Basically, social policy does not possess an independent and rightful sphere; it is considered to be a ‘poor person’s economic policy’ (Moroney & Krysik, 1998, p. 231). However, the state has a natural obligation to make sure that its social policy and economic policy are not conflicting. For this reason, once a welfare state is founded the rationale of its activities starts to work. The citizens become used to taxation and tend to view social policy as an integral part of social institution in highly industrialised or developed economies. On the contrary, citizens in pre-welfare s tates are less likely to recognise or allow taxation because of the absence of confidence in state agencies and the absence of actual experience or knowledge of the advantages of a welfare state (Walker & Wong, 2009, p. 1). In such circumstances, social welfare is commonly limited to the poor or substantially dispossessed by reason of charity. Regardless of the form of taxation (e.g. income tax, excise tax, etc), the capacity of the state to financially support its political and social activities relies on the capacity of the private sector to produce, invest, and accumulate

Ethical Debate On Human Cloning

Ethical Debate On Human Cloning Today, science is developing at lightning speed. Todays science allows us to do many things that we would have appeared impossible a few decades ago, such as cloning. Firstly, what is cloning? Cloning is a process of producing genetically identical individuals, where one creates copies of cells or DNA fragments. But beyond the scientific level, the cloning issue has been controversial since ethics and morality on the same day when the idea was developed, there is this almost 100 years, and ethical questions raised about human cloning are several levels. Some objections relate to safety of human cloning experiments, because the process is far from being regarded as infallible, but it raises mostly moral and ethical objections that go well beyond issues of safety and scientific concerns. Indeed, we can question the motives of human cloning, whether some reasons are more acceptable than others, but also about the likely impact that this will lead to humanity. Is cloning morally acceptab le? On the one hand, according to the theories of Greek philosopher Aristotle, it would be true to say that human cloning is unethical because of the ridiculous methods are employed to get there. Indeed, many methods developed and the many uses of cloning technologies destroy lives and do nothing but harm. For example, it took just over 277 tests before the scientists can create the first clone. Moreover, the theory of naturalism ethics, methods of cloning are not the result of an action according to the order of nature, in other words, cloning is not consistent with human nature, because is not natural for humans to be cloned. Moreover, if cloning ever becomes a reality in the near future, it will be a reasonable way to contribute to the good of humanity. Unreasonable use of cloning for the purpose of an individualistic happiness could lead to irreversible consequences on humans and society. On the other hand, if we look at the ethical theories of philosopher John Stuart Mill, human cloning would be beneficial as long as the number of people who benefit outweighs the number of people who suffer. In fact, according to Mill, the calculation of the moral value of any action is the result of the sum between the consequences and results of this action, the addition of happiness generated and pain caused. Unlike Kant, Mill gives no weight to the intent of this gesture, but he still believes that the consequences of an action determine its moral value. For example, cloning kills clones that have been a failure in experiments, but it could be a way to help prolong life. According to the theory of utilitarianism, Mill also believes that actions must be judged on how they promote human happiness for the greatest number of people, and action is deemed morally acceptable as it tends to promote happiness, because for Mill, happiness is the only true virtue. In this way, then Mill wou ld agree that improving the lot of all humanity in exchange for a small group of less fortunate people is justified because they are not the consequences that must guide us, but rather the intention which is hidden behind our action. In short, cloning is morally acceptable to society because it leads to the greatest happiness for the greatest number of men. Finally, contrary to Mill, Immanuel Kant would disagree with cloning because we use people as a means to an end, even if it is to save or to benefit a greater number of people. According to the principle of universalization, any action is not morally acceptable if it harms the interests of humanity, or if it leads to the destruction thereof. For example, we must ask ourselves whether it is possible that all humans on the planet can be cloned or have the right to do so. If we allowed everyone to be cloned, what would happen? The answer is obvious: it would lead inevitably to global overpopulation and thereby would cause the destruction of humanity. Moreover, cloning violates the principle of Kant to a certain level, because if we make a clone in order to create a superior race, having clear expectations about the personality and physical abilities of the individual or psychological, would undermine the fundamental principles of humanity or respect for others, minorities and the indivi duality of human beings. In addition, if one based on the possibility that humans could be cloned to provide organs can then be transplanted into the donor DNA without risk of rejection, he admits that creating a clone simply as a source of spare parts is a flagrant violation of the principles of Kant. Indeed, this method would be selfish for those who can not afford such a transplant, and it also results from the use of people to achieve something. In short, cloning does not therefore comply with the various principles of Kant and makes cloning morally unacceptable. In conclusion, the ethical theories of various philosophers therefore lead us to have many different views on this new scientific approach so controversial. While the proponents of human cloning argue that the initial negative reaction is simply a common response of man had something new and unknown, it is clear that the ethical debate on human cloning is not the point of fade. It remains nonetheless that cloning would violate a lot and very widespread belief about the individuality and the freedom of every human right, because what is the value of a human being is its uniqueness. The living being is unique and indeterminable.

Motion Analysis – Jump Shot

Motion Analysis: Basketball Jump Shot The main joints involved in a basketball jump shot include the hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow, and wrist. All of these joints flex and extend. The jump shot can be split into three parts: the set-up, the jump and release, and the post-release. The set-up involves a lot of flexion and extension of the hip, knee, ankle, and shoulder. Hip flexion occurs first and flexion of both knees until the thighs are parallel to the ground follows closely. Knee flexion occurs simultaneously with dorsi-flexion of both ankles to lessen the force of landing on the knees.The moment the subject’s feet are planted on the ground, flexion of both shoulders occurs until the tricep muscle is parallel to the ground. At this point, it is important to note that the elbow in the beginning of the set-up is already in flexion, forming a right angle between the forearm and upper arm. The wrist hyperextends so the ball is resting in the palm of the subject. In this cas e, the subject is right handed, so the ball rests primarily in the right palm while the left hand provides support. At this point, the subject is ready to jump.Four joint actions occur simultaneously at this time. Both knees, ankles, and the hip extend as the subject pushes off the ground, and the elbow flexes a little further back. When the subject is in the air, the dominant elbow extends and the ball starts to roll towards the tip of the fingers. When the elbow is almost entirely extended, the wrist begins to flex, which is when the release occurs and the ball leaves the palm of the hand towards the basket. After the release, the subject is drawn back to the ground.During this descent, the shoulders begin to extend back towards the anatomical position. This action continues through the landing. As the subject lands, the ankles begin to dorsi-flex. During the dorsi-flexion, the knees and hips flex slightly to absorb the force of landing. By the end of the landing, the hip and knee s are flexed, the shoulders are completely extended, and the feet are firmly planted on the ground. The hip joint flexes primarily due to the iliopsoas muscle. The knee is controlled by rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles. R. emoris is responsible for extension and B. femoris is responsible for flexion. The ankle dorsiflexes because of the gastrocnemius and plantar flexes due to anterior tibialis. Shoulder flexion occurs because of Pectoralis major and extension occurs because of Latissimus dorsi. Biceps brachii is responsible for elbow flexion and triceps brachii is responsible for elbow extension. Flexor carpi radialis and Flexor carpi ulnaris are responsible for wrist flexion and Extensor carpi radialis and Extensor carpi ulnaris are responsible for the extension of the wrist.

High School Exit Examinations Essay

In order to evaluate the educational ability of students Standardized Tests or examinations, have been designed, which do so in an unbiased manner, irrespective of social background and educational experience. One such test is the multiple-choice examination, wherein the students have to make a selection from a number of answers for a particular question and indicate their choice on a test form. Such tests are frequently given to students who study in elementary and secondary schools (Standardized Tests, 2006). These examinations benefitted students to a large extent, because they had to take just one set of examinations, in order to apply for admission to different schools. The College Board initiated the Scholastic Aptitude Test or the SAT in 1926. The SAT is a multiple choice test that was based on the psychological tests given to US Army recruits. The SAT, by the year 1940, was being widely employed by educational institutions in the US (Standardized Tests, 2006). Standardized tests are taken by elementary school and high school, and undergraduates and graduates. The majority of these tests are controlled by the Educational Testing Service or ETS and the American College Testing or ACT Program. The results of these tests help educational institutions to assess scholastic performance and to ascertain the suitability of a student for a particular undergraduate or graduate degree program (Standardized Tests, 2006). The Center on Education Policy or the CEP had made it mandatory for fifty two percent of the students studying in the public schools to take the high school exit examinations. However, the implementation of this policy became difficult as the CEP had realized that opposition from the public towards this compulsory high school exit examination had been on the increase. It was also decided that students who failed to obtain a pass mark in this examination would not be awarded the high school diploma. This decision to withhold high school diplomas to students who failed in the exit examination was greeted with a great deal of resistance (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, & Pecheone, 2005). The implementation of the exit examinations also caused a gradual reduction in the number of graduate students. This was evident in the Afro – American and Latino students, English language learners and students with disabilities. This reform would result in reduced incentives for students who had been striving to remain in school, a reduction in the curriculum and a disregard for higher order performance skills, because of the utilization of limited measures and irrelevant judgments regarding student learning (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, & Pecheone, 2005). The use of exit examinations varies from state to state. Some states have already implemented them, whereas other states have not implemented them. A majority of states have put forward several options and alternatives. So far only eight states have implemented the mandatory exit examination as a compulsory requirement, in which the student has to obtain a pass mark, in order to obtain a high school diploma. Further, this system does not take cognizance of the excellence of performance of the students and their academic record and is solely guided by whether the students have obtained a pass mark in the exit examination or not (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, & Pecheone, 2005). Most of the states have implemented multiple measures of performance in order to evaluate the student’s capability of learning. The student requires a pass mark in the state examination, which is used as an indicator for the student’s ability to obtain a state diploma. Moreover, the student is also required to obtain a pass mark in other alternatives that test the student by using a wide range of methods so as to establish their academic learning. In these states, there is not just a single test to disqualify students from graduation but there exist an array of indicators to determine the knowledge of the students (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, & Pecheone, 2005). In an important report relating to the implementation of the high school exit test in the state of Mississippi, sixty five recommendations had been proposed. Some of these are, it would be totally inappropriate to require students to obtain a pass mark in an examination that contained material that had not been taught to the students. Further, the exit examination should be based on a multiple choice system, which would test thinking skills. Moreover, the exit examination would be undesirable for the students of the state of Mississippi. In addition, the national – level exit examination would require a total restructuring of the curriculum of the district schools, which would create serious difficulties. Furthermore, measures that evaluate the student’s skills and performance should be segmented. Moreover, great care would have to be taken while implementing tests that evaluate the performance and skills of students (ED384990 – Issues To Consider in Moving beyond a Minimal Competency High School Graduation Test, 1995). The states of Arizona, California and Utah introduced high school exit examinations, in which high school students from the year 2006 have to obtain a pass mark, in order to be awarded a high school diploma. In most of the states of the Union that enforce such high school exit examinations, students are required to take it in the sophomore year. The level of these tests is of the tenth grade and students who are unable to obtain a pass mark are provided with a number of opportunities to again take this test. Sixteen of the twenty three states that have made these tests compulsory have directed the schools to provide remediation to students who fail to obtain a pass mark. Furthermore, in states that are introducing these examinations, financial help for such remediation has in most of the cases been provided by it (David, 21st June, 2006). In the state of New York students have taken these high school exit tests with a very high degree of success and have obtained a large number of diplomas. However, this has not proved to be applicable to students belonging to the minority communities. The Education Commissioner disclosed that eighty one percent of white students obtained their diplomas in due course, whereas the students of minority communities found the obtention of pass marks in English, mathematics, global history, geography, US history and science to be a daunting task. Consequently, only forty two percent of the Hispanic students, forty five percent of African American and sixty eight percent of Asian students obtained their diplomas within the stipulated time (Hoff, 23rd of March, 2005). A survey conducted by the National Center on Educational Outcomes has revealed the fact that fifty percent of the states of the Union have made it mandatory to obtain a pass mark in the exit test, in order to be eligible to obtain a high school diploma. However, very few states have implemented an alternative procedure for evaluating disabled students, which is of an equivalent standard in comparison to the test applied to regular students. This report goes on to state that the absence of tests for the disabled and regular students that are of equivalent rigor, gives rise to the impression that disabled students are not competent to undertake grade level work (Samuels, 4th of May, 2005). In the state of California, the Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger passed a law that exempts disabled students from taking and obtaining a pass mark in the high school exit test. This new law states that if a student had been permitted to follow an individual education plan and if such a student had satisfied all other criteria for being awarded with a high school diploma and further if that student had received remediation for the exit test, then that student would be allowed to graduate, irrespective of having obtained a pass mark in the exit test. The objective of this law was to enable the state of California to provide better instructions for disabled students (Jacobson, 8th of Februray, 2006). In the state of Utah, even if students who do not obtain a pass mark in every portion of the high school exit test, they are awarded the high school diploma. However, such diplomas contain a statement that the student had not obtained a pass mark in the high school exit test. Several states of the Union are having second thoughts about continuing with such high school exit tests and at the same time a several students have proved to be unsuccessful in obtaining a pass mark in their graduation examinations. The law in the state of Utah has made it mandatory for high school students to obtain a pass mark in mathematics, reading and that part of the Utah Basic Skills Competency Test that comprises of tests on writing skills, in order to be awarded with a high school diploma (Olson, 25th January, 2006). In another study it was established that states of the Union, in which high school exit tests are in vogue, have a graduation rate and college entrance examination marks that are significantly lower than states that do not have such tests. In particular, students from states of the Union, that had made it mandatory to obtain a pass mark in the high school exit examination, fared worse than students from states of the Union that did not insist on such a condition, in the internationally acknowledged Scholastic Aptitude Test. Moreover, such students had a significantly lower rate of graduation (Viadero, 2nd of February, 2005). It has been opined by many people that high school exit examinations result in an increase in the number of students who discontinue their studies, before obtaining a high school diploma. The detractors of such exit examinations have very pertinently pointed out the fact that the already low graduation rates are being forced down to a much lower level. Many critics have stated that it would be patently unfair to deny a student who had completed thirteen years of schooling a high school diploma, merely because that student could not obtain a pass mark in the high school examination. Moreover, many persons consider such a denial of a high school diploma to be ruthlessly unjust, because such a diploma is essential for ensuring a bright future.

Names of Animals and Insects Formed by Folk Etymology

Names of Animals and Insects Formed by Folk Etymology Names of Animals and Insects Formed by Folk Etymology Names of Animals and Insects Formed by Folk Etymology By Mark Nichol This post lists words derived from words in other languages as a result of folk etymology, a process by which speakers adopt the foreign terms after revising them by using existing elements from their native language. bumblebee: This word stems from the Middle English word humbul-be, but by association with bombeln, meaning â€Å"boom† or â€Å"buzz,† the initial sound changed. caterpillar: The word for a butterfly or moth larva stems from the Old French word catepelose (â€Å"hairy cat†); the alteration of the third and fourth syllables to -pillar (from Middle English piller, meaning â€Å"plunderer†) may have developed from the notion of its destructive effect on plants. cockroach: This word is derived from the Spanish term cucaracha and employs two words that, when combined, sound similar to the original word. cockatoo: This bird’s name is from the Malay word kakatua by way of the Dutch term kaketoe. crawfish/crayfish: Although these are variations of a name for an aquatic animal, the second syllable in each is not equivalent to the word fish; the entire word, ultimately from a Germanic language, stems from the Anglo-French term creveis by way of the Middle English word crevis and is related to crab (and perhaps to carve). geoduck: This name for a Pacific Northwest clam, which comes from a local Native American term, has nothing to do with ducks- or with the Latin prefix geo-, meaning â€Å"earth†; also, the spelling of the first two syllables is inexplicable, since they are pronounced like gooey. greyhound: The first syllable of this word does not refer to the dogs color; it is from the Old English term grieg, referring to a female dog. lapwing: This word for a species of bird started out as the Old English term hlÄ“apewince (â€Å"leap wink†), inspired by the bird’s flapping mode of flight. mandrill: This word for a type of baboon derived from attempts of English speakers to pronounce the name of the animal in an African language. mongoose: The animal’s name stems from mamgusa in Prakrit, an Indic language. (It has nothing to do with geese, so the plural is mongooses.) muskrat: This animal is a rodent, but its name is not derived from its scent or its kinship with rats; the word from which it derives is of Algonquian origin. peacock/peahen/peafowl: The first syllable of these words comes from pavo, the Latin (and Spanish) name for it. Peafowl is redundant, while peacock and peahen denote the male and female of the species. polecat: The first syllable of this name for a mammal in the weasel family (also an alternative name for the polecat’s relative, the skunk) is derived from the French term poul (the base of poultry), from its barnyard depredations. popinjay: This older term for a parrot, now exclusively applied to an arrogant person, is ultimately from the Arabic word babghÄ . quahog: This word for a type of clam stems from poquauhock, from the Narragansett language, and has no relation to pork. sockeye: The name for a type of salmon does not refer to its eyes; it originates from an attempt to pronounce a Native American word for the fish. wheatear: This thrush was originally called a wheatears; that name is a euphemism for â€Å"white arse,† a reference to its light-colored rump. white rhinoceros: White, in the name of this animal, is not a reference to its color; it stems from the Afrikaans adjective weit, meaning â€Å"wide,† a description that distinguishes its wide upper lip from the pointed lip of the black rhinoceros. woodchuck: This alternative name for the groundhog derives from the assignment of two English words whose sounds resemble those of a Cree word. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesAmong vs. AmongstComma Before Too?

Green Technology Essay Example

Green Technology Essay Example Green Technology Essay Green Technology Essay GREEN TECHNOLOGY Green Technology Abstract For the past 10 years global warming has become an increased issue throughout the world. With the help of advances in green technology our world can slowly reach towards becoming not only healthier and more live able it also will help diminish global warming as we know it. Whether at home, in our workplace or at school we all can do our part in ensuring that this will happen. Scientist and the government have made it possible to use many green technologies to aid us in the process. Green technology is said to become one of the biggest movements that there is. Even with being off to a slow start, many see that there are forward advancements made during the process. Some of these technologies are; recycling, water purification, renewable energy and solid waste management just to name a few. Green Technology is the future of our society. Green Technology What is Green Technology? Green technology is the application of the environmental science and green chemistry to conserve the natural environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of human involvement. ( wikipedia. org) The goals of green technology are: ( reen-technology. org/what. htm) * Sustainability meeting the needs of society in ways that can continue indefinitely into the future without damaging or depleting natural resources. In short, meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. * Cradle to cradle design ending the cradle to grave cycle of manufactured products, by creating products that can be fully reclaime d or re-used. * Source reduction reducing waste and pollution by changing patterns of production and consumption. Innovation developing alternatives to technologies whether fossil fuel or chemical intensive agriculture that have been demonstrated to damage health and the environment. * Viability creating a center of economic activity around technologies and products that benefit the environment, speeding their implementation and creating new careers that truly protect the planet. Though these are the four major goals to green technology, one of the primary goals of the United States is that we are able to preserve natural resources. By doing so people will see a major change in the world pollution, status and overall wellbeing. : There are many types of green technology but below are four major types: * Energy: a supply or source of electrical, mechanical, or other form of power * Building: a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a buildings life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. * Preferred purchasing: the use of a variety of techniques that enable a consumer to fund products and a manufacturer to find methods of production that have the least negative impact to the environment. General conduct of environmentally preferred purchases will prompt producers and sellers to shift to the green side of the market. * Chemistry: Green chemistry is the application of chemical products that eliminates harm to the environment. * Nanotechnology: the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. The United States is one of world’s largest producers of trash. Trash is calculated out to be 1,609 pounds of trash per person, per year. Recycling is a green technology that takes old materials to make new products. Since recycling opened its doors in 1896 more and more households have taken to the trend to recycle, even though the U. S. only recycles 28 percent of its waste. From 1980-2005, the amount of waste increased 60 percent. From 2007 to 2009, the amount of waste decreased from 255 million tons to 243 million tons. (EPA, 2009) Though still a lot of waste we are on our way to a new recycle trend. Not only does recycling help save raw materials and energy, it frees up a lot of space in our landfills. Old paper is being used for computer paper, books, paper plates, paper towels and toilet paper. According to The Public Recycling Officials of Pennsylvania, for every ton of paper that is recycled, the following are saved: 17 trees 275 pounds of sulfur 350 pounds of limestone 9,000 pounds of steam 60,000 gallons of water 225 kilowatt hours 3. 3 cubic yards of landfill space Practically every hour, nearly 250,000 plastic bottles are thrown out, and takes up to 700 years to decompose. (EPA, 2009) Plastic contributes close to 50 percent of recyclable waste in the dumps. Glass is one of the few products that can be recycled again and again. But when it does end up in landfills it will never decompose. (EPA, 2009) Those facts were just a few to a million that are available and shocking to read. Waste management was created to help save our planet and encourage everyone to be smart and recycle to help do so. With the threat of global warming more households and businesses are turning to geothermal and solar power. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. (Department of Energy. ) With the sun being the largest power plant solar power statistics show that we only use 0. 01 percent of it for our electrical functions. Solar power being a renewable source we will never have to worry about it ever running out. The daily energy that we could get from the sun is around 700 times greater per day than other source that generates electricity combined. Using solar power along with other methods will make a drastic change in pollution levels. Wind Power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships. (Gwec. net) The top ten wind power countries and their wind power capacity as of February 2011 are as follows: 1. United States 40,180 2. United Kingdom 5,204 3. Spain 20,676 4. Italy 5,797 5. India 13,066 6. Germany 27,215 7. France 5,660 8. Denmark 3,734 9. China 44,733 10. Canada 4,008 Since the wind depends on the sun wind power is a type of solar energy. As long as the sun is shining wind power is an unlimited source of energy. Wind energy is one of the lowest priced energy sources, costing 4 to 6 U. S. cents per kilowatt hour. This price has drastically dropped since the 1980’s due to technological advances. The only downside to wind power is that you need constant wind to blow to get constant power from it. No wind no power. Hydroelectricity is the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. (Energy Information Administration international statistics database) It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. According to the most recent statistics from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), in 2006 hydroelectricity contributed 2,997 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity to states around the world. All other renewable energy sources such as geothermal, solar, wind, contributed 414. 31 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity. Water is in the lead for the most used renewable resource. Top Ten Hydroelectricity Producing States in 2006 (Billion Kilowatt hours) China 431. 43 Canada 351. 85 Brazil 345. 32 United States 289. 25 Russia 173. 65 Norway 118. 21 India 112. 46 Japan 84. 90 Venezuela 81. 29 Sweden 61. 11 If people took the time to think of their actions, the Earth would not have to struggle so much. We are losing rain forests, wetlands, coral reefs, and much more, at substantial rates and have no way to get them back to normal again. Once they are gone, they’re gone for good. In closing go green, don’t just sit back and watch our world die. References www. eia. doe. gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epates. html www. statcan. gc. ca/pub/57-001-x/57-001-x2003001-eng. pdf environment-green. com/Green_Technology. html green-technology. org/what. htm americanelements. com/AEgreentechnology. html http://whitney05. hubpages. com/hub/Green-Technology brighthub. com/environment/green-computing/articles/112553. aspx Ashford Writing Center Ashford Online Library

Poverty and Social Violence in Latin America Term Paper

Poverty and Social Violence in Latin America - Term Paper Example These acts of violence and injustice through the lifestyle of communities as well as countries make it hard to penetrate positive change in those societies. Measures no matter how strong, are mostly used for containing and limitation purposes rather rehabilitation process. As far as history goes, the only way to spread the message has been written or visual context. Now having the newer media available in all parts of the world, it has reached and given opportunity to not only present one’s ideas but to also spread a message. Films such as Bus 174, City of God, and Los Olvidados etc are amongst their time from 50’s onwards have tried to share the changing stories of Latin America. The purpose of books such as Child of Dark show reality of the times regarding the social stratification present in the society. Each of the depiction of reality has been related to fight poverty to become amongst the ones who can live the rest of their lives in ease. Much like a jail, all of the films have tried to portray a life more or less confined under boundaries where the only way to survive is through someone others fortune. Having a downstream injustice present based in all parts of the hierarchy the films try to show the system failing to control its own public and being biased towards making choices. The ambitions lay towards the stability of life in most of the films but either failing to reach that goal due to fact that when one is caught in the vicious cycle of poverty and crime, there is no way out of it.

Reading Standard for Foundational SKills Assignment

Reading Standard for Foundational SKills - Assignment Example However, for the younger students such as the one in pre-kindergarten, the list of objectives should be way smaller with only one or two items to be assessed by the teachers as they are still very young will smaller ability to understand and shorter memory span. The above mentioned tools in the checklist cannot be appropriate for assessment of children from birth to pre-kindergarten as they are very young and cannot understand what is being tested. However it is appropriate for those from kindergarten to grade 3 as they also hold similar learning objectives as the ones discussed above in the check list. For the children between births to pre-kindergarten, they should have their own set of simpler and way shorter learning objectives which would lead to shorter assessment and check lists for the teachers to examine. This as explained above is because of their short memory span as well as ability to understand which is still developing. Most of the assessment tools for such children are just repetitive sounds and music among other simpler

Sustainability within National Parks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Sustainability within National Parks - Essay Example MICE is commonly organised through meetings, exhibitions, conferences, corporate travels and incentive travels among others as a mechanism to generate awareness among the global communities regarding a particular issue. The special events are organised to attract visitors from global contexts, assisting in generating revenue as well, with the intention to support any developmental need towards sustainable development. It is in this context that these special events are identified to be attached with various environmental issues such as polluting air, water and land immensely. Nevertheless, organising MICE has also been criticised on the ground that holding these special events causes excessive use of non-renewable energy, increased transportation and abundant use of other natural resources such as water among others. According to Zamzuri & et. al. (2011), special events have adversely affected the environment due to increased wastes, inappropriate way of waste management, increased t ransportation and unnecessary materials purchasing among others (Pizam, 2012; Zamzuri & et. al., 2011). However, with a much positive perspective, according to Pao (2004), special events, which include conference and corporate meeting among others are organised in various locations with the intention of generating revenue for economic development. These events are identified to develop the tourism sectors; but on the other hand, they are identified as important sources affecting the ecological environment of a country at large causing pollution, traffic congestion and waste among others, within a short span of time as compared to other sources of similar environmental degradation (Anand, 2013; Wood & Brotherton, 2008). These environmental issues, identified from events organised under MICE, are also classified as those factors accountable for increasing social costs and thereby, affecting the environmental equilibrium (Pao, 2004). Green Business Tourism The tourism industry has aime d at developing an effective and eco-friendly environment with the aim of attracting visitors and making a country an attractive location for organising special events (Lau, 2009). According to Lau (2009), there are three main players that are associated with MICE, which include clients, suppliers and other players like government and sponsors among others. The organisers of MICE thus need to held meetings and exhibitions and other intended functions in an appropriate manner with the aim of ensuring that events are executed with better considerations towards the environmental sustainability responsibilities and societal stability. The organiser should also develop and initiate policies as well as measures on the basis of which, meetings and exhibitions should be conducted. Moreover, the organisers should seek that the site where the MICE events are to be organised,

Information Technology Coursework Essay Example for Free

Information Technology Coursework Essay Input The Keyboard The keyboard is essentially based on the standard QWERTY keyboard used by typists. The main differences are the additions made by computer manufacturers. The first thing to notice is that the keyboard has three main sections. The first section is the main QWERTY keyboard, which has three extra keys. The most important of these extra keys is usually marked ENTER or RETURN. The enter key is on the right side of the keyboard and is used to tell the computer that you have finished typing and wish either to move to a fresh empty line or that you want the computer to carry out the typed instruction. The other two additional keys are the ALT and the CONTROL keys (CTRL). These act in the same way as the shift key on the typewriter and so allow normal keys to have a number of different effects. The second part of the keyboard is the FUNCTION keys. There are always at least ten and sometimes twelve of these labelled F1 to F10 or F12, which are grouped together on the left of the keyboard or along the top of it. They are used by programs like word processors or spreadsheets to give instructions to the computer. They do not normally produce an effect on the screen but can do in some programs. The third part of the keyboard is the numeric key pad. This is situated on the right of the keyboard and serves two functions. Firstly, to move the cursor and secondly to type numbers into the computer. The keys on the keypad usually contain the numbers 0 to 9, the decimal point and the mathematical symbols. The key marked NUMLOCK is used to tell the computer if the pad is used to enter numbers (NUMLOCK ON) or to move the cursor (NUMLOCK OFF). Input The Mouse A mouse is a device, which can provide an alternative to the keyboard. The mouse itself has a small ball in its base which, when pulled across a smooth surface, moves a special cursor across the screen. This cursor can be used to draw or point and is especially effective in providing an easy to use interface for those who have difficulty with keyboards etc. Processing The Central Processing Unit Inside the microcomputer is a tiny silicon chip called the Central Processing Unit or CPU: this can be regarded as the brain of the entire system. With the help of the computers internal memory it executes the instructions in a program by performing simple logical operations at very high speeds typically an instruction will be performed in millionths of a second. The chip containing the Central Processing Unit or CPU is the place where the computer does its thinking. The CPU processes information by fetching a program instruction stored in the computers memory, executing the instruction and proceeding to the next step in the program. The CPU contains (1) a program counter that tells the CPU where it is in the program. (2) an instruction register that stores the current program instruction. (3) a control unit that decodes the contents of the instruction register. (4) data registers that store the small units of information the CPU is currently processing. (5) a memory address register that holds the address or memory location of the information in its data registers. (6) an Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) that actually performs each small step in the program, and (7) a status or flags register that reports on the work of the ALU. The size or power of a CPU is determined by the length of its registers: 8-bit processors work on information in 8- bit groups; 16-bit processors have registers that hold 16 bits and are twice as fast. 32-bit processors provide even more computing speed, and so on. Internal Memory RAM and ROM Because the central processing unit only works on small pieces of information at a time, the computer needs a way to store information while it is not being processed. Two kinds of silicon chips serve as the computers internal memory. Random Access Memory or RAM chips store information temporarily, and the computer can write, read, and erase information on them. RAM chips are erased every time the computer is turned off, so Read Only Memory or ROM chips act as the computers permanent memory: they store the instructions the CPU needs when you first turn it on. External Memory Disks and Disk Drives External memory devices like floppy disks, hard disks, and CD-ROMs store programs and data when the computer is turned off. When a disk is inserted into a disk drive, the computer can read information from it or write new information onto it. Only certain types of CD-ROM can have information written onto them. Output: The Printer Printers receive electrical codes from the computer and then print the corresponding letter or number on paper. The result is called hard copy. Plotters and some printers can even reproduce computer graphics on paper. Types of Printer Ink Jet Printers Ink jet printers work as their name suggests, by squirting jets of ink onto the paper through tiny nozzles. Ink-jets provide good quality output (on average 600 dots per inch) at reasonable speed and at relatively low cost. Laser Printers A laser printer is essentially a photocopier attached to the computer as an output device. Laser printers are capable of high quality output (around 720 dots per inch), at high speed. They can be bought from as little as around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100. Output Monitors (Visual Display Units) Monitors (V.D.U.s) are the most frequently used output device. The display is transmitted from the computer to the surface of a cathode ray tube, which is rather like a television screen. Slim, flat screen monitors are also available. The display consists of very small phosphorescent dots combined in different patterns to form words, numbers, and pictures. Monitors vary in their resolution (clarity), more dots on the screen means a higher resolution but obviously costs more. The range of resolutions are CGA, EGA and the highest resolution VGA. Software Computer Programs A program is simply a set of instructions, which the programmer wishes the computer to obey. The computer blindly obeys any instruction which it is given it possess no abilities to determine whether an instruction (so long as it is framed correctly) is the correct instruction for any given situation. Programs tell the computer how to turn the input you provide into the output you want. A program is therefore a detailed set of instructions for performing a particular task. Because you cannot actually touch programs they have become known as software; this contrasts with the hardware of a computer system monitors, chips, printers etc. which you can touch! Software takes many forms the computer system itself is co-ordinated by a special resident program called an operating system (you can read more about this program below), programs to carry out specific tasks for the user are termed application programs. Stock control, word processing, payroll and accounting functions are typical areas, which are serviced by application programs. Input/output Media Mass Storage Floppy Disks A floppy disk is 3 1/2 inches square. Inside its protective case or sleeve, each floppy disc is a circle of flexible plastic whose surface is covered with magnetic oxide. When you use a disc for the first time, you must use a special program called an operating system to format the disks surface by creating circular tracks divided into pie-shaped sectors. A hole punched near the hub of the disk lets the computer know where the first sector is. A track on each disk stores a directory that tells the computer where to find what information. This means that it can go directly to the correct part of the disk instead of wading through all of its contents to find the information it wants. A typical floppy disk can store around 200 pages of typewritten text, depending on how tightly the information is packed. If pictures are stored on disk, they take up a lot of room. Care of Floppy Disks Information is stored on floppy disk by means of magnetism. The information stored on a disk can be lost if the magnetic surface of the disk is damaged. When handling a disk you must be careful not to bend it or touch the exposed portions. Moisture, extreme temperatures, and exposure to magnetic fields or equipment can also ruin disks. You should keep back-up copies of all important disks to insure that your data will not be lost if a disk is damaged. You can guard against the possibility of accidentally writing over and erasing important data and programs by moving the small write-protect notch on the side of the disk. When this notch is closed, a sensor inside the drive prevents the head from writing onto the disk. Hard Disks All modern PCs have hard disks, which can store vast amounts of information this varies depending upon their size. Although they operate on the same basic principles as floppies, hard disks spin many times more quickly allowing the read/write head to pass only fractions of an inch over the disks surface. Hard disks are hermetically sealed in special chambers to prevent dust particles from ruining the disks surface. Disk Drives: Read/Write Heads To use a disk, you place it into a disk drive so that the circular hole in the centre of the disk fits into a cone in the drive. This cone spins the disk allowing all of its sectors to come under a window cut into the sleeve. As the disk spins around, a read / write head moves back and forth over the exposed portion of the disk. The head works like the head on a tape recorder. It reads information on the disk by translating its magnetic fields into electrical signals that are sent to the computer; information is written onto the disk when the head converts the electrical signals from the computer into magnetic fields on the disks surface. Operating Systems A computer is really a system of interconnected parts: a keyboard or input device; internal memory (RAM and ROM); a processor; disks and disk drives; output devices like a monitor and a printer; and, of course, software. A special kind of program called an operating system controls the flow of information between these different components. One of its most important jobs is to enable your hardware to understand the instructions of your software. When you buy a computer, you must be sure that its design or architecture is compatible with the operating system for which the software you want is written. The operating system manages the files on your disks and offers utilities such as formatting blank disks, listing the directory of files on a disk, as well as copying, renaming, and deleting files. Sometimes operating systems are permanently installed, but if the operating system is pre-packaged on a disk, its contents must either be loaded separately into the computer or written onto ev ery disk used, during the formatting process. Windows 95 and Windows 98 are the most common operating systems used today. Modems and Networks With the help of a modem, your computer can link up and communicate with other computers all over the world. The modem translates the computers language of ons and offs into tones of different frequencies, which are then transmitted across telephone lines. At the receiving end the process is reversed: a modem converts tone variations back into the computers digital code. Computer networks are systems of computers linked together in this way: they are used to send and receive electronic mail, and to allow small personal computers access to the vast data libraries of larger computers, via the Internet. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Application Packages These are programs that actually perform the tasks that the user wishes to be done. The tasks are usually so complicated that several programs are required and these are collectively called a suite of programs. Typical examples of applications are Stock Control, Databases, Order Processing, Word Processing, Airline Booking Systems, Spreadsheets, Viewdata Systems and Point of Sale Systems. Each package will now be discussed in turn, to give a general explanation of what they are, when they are used and for what purpose. Stock Control A stock control system keeps track of all the stock currently held by the company. The computer is informed through the till when each item is sold. It is then an easy matter to deduct the number sold from the current stock level to give a new stock level. If this level is below a re-order level which again is held by the computer, then the computer can automatically print a re-order letter to the supplier. The number of each item to be supplied is stored and when the supplier delivers, the number of items delivered is added to the amount in stock. Therefore the company, in theory, should never, through its own efforts, run out of any item of stock and should at all times know how much stock it has, in the warehouse, in storage at a retail outlet and on the shelves. Losses through theft are easily calculated through a manual shelf count, and corrective action to reduce losses can be implemented quickly. Database A database is a store of information made up of records. A record contains information relating to one person or one company and is made up of individual pieces of information called fields. For example, you may create your records having the following fields: company name, address, telephone number, credit limit, amount owed, payment due etc. When all the information has been entered the database may then be used by searching for particular information, called cross-referencing (e.g. to find out at the end of the month who the company owes money to and how much, in order to settle their accounts). New information can be fed in and the database is changed (updated) to include the new data, so that it is always up to date. Large databases are best used with static information (remains the same), with new records being added to the end. An example of this type is a Library with records on all the books in stock. The computer operated by the DVLA in Swansea (Driving Vehicle Licensing Authority) might be an example of a large database. Information relating to every motor vehicle in the U.K. is stored on computer and can be sorted or searched to find out, for example, who owns a particular car. Word Processing In word processing a computer behaves like a much enhanced form of typewriter. Facilities are provided for entering, manipulating, storing and retrieving blocks of text. This means that standard letters and lists of names and addresses can be generated separately and then letters to everyone on the list can be printed without retyping the document. The processor retrieves the letter and the first name and address, prints the letter, retrieves the next name and address, changes the information in the letter, prints the next letter and so on. Real-Time Systems An example of a real-time system is Airline Booking. This is a system which updates the data immediately it changes. All the terminals in all the booking offices are connected via a telephone line to a large computer in the head office of the company. This is so that information can be accessed immediately and be changed on confirmation of a booking immediately. For example, if you wanted to book a flight, you would feed details into the terminal about the flight, and back would come a message saying perhaps that only two seats remain on that flight. If you then take these seats by sending that information back, confirmation would take place and then no-one anywhere in the world would be able to book a seat on that particular flight (even if they tried to book only ten seconds after you). Spreadsheet A spreadsheet is a special application package, which allows the user to set up tables of information and add up rows and columns which make up the table. They are used mainly for displaying cash forecasts of companies, in the form of a table where all the figures are interconnected. Each intersection of a row and a column is called a cell. The cells are filled with figures and then changes can be made and the spreadsheet calculates all the related cells, alters and reprints them. Figures can be changed and the overall effect on the complete table can be seen immediately.